Case studies and other articles on DOE you can view from your browser.

• Cure for cratering: Gel coat perfected with design of experiments software
  Resin manufacturer Interplastic Corp.—Thermoset Resins Div. (St. Paul, Minn.), a major gel coat producer, recently developed a new gel coat with the aid of Design-Expert® design of experiments software from Stat-Ease Inc. Composites Technology, February 2013 (interplastic_gel_coat_perfected_with_DOE.pdf, 575 KB)
  
  
• Widespread suppression of huntingtin with convection-enhanced delivery of siRNA
  This article explores a therapeutic strategy for treating Huntington's disease. Experimental Neurology, January 2012 (huntingtin_suppression_with_ siRNA.pdf, 1.26 MB)
  
  
• Framing a QbD Design Space with Tolerance Intervals
  Given the push for Quality by Design by FDA and agencies worldwide, statistical methods are becoming increasingly vital for pharmaceutical manufacturers. DOE is used to determine the impact of multiple factors and their interaction. Pharma Qbd, May 2012 (framing_your_QbD_design_space.pdf, 177 KB)
  
  
• Design of Experiments Helps Increase Yield of Pharmaceutical Intermediate from 70% to 88%
  Researchers at Codexis Laboratories Singapore performed a full-factorial designed experiment with 20 runs to determine the impact of four independent variables on product selectivity during a silylation reaction. The result was a process that delivered 95% selectivity along with an 88% yield. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, May 2012
  
  
• Fed-Batch Cell Culture Process Optimization
  Researchers aiming to upgrade a fed-batch process observed that basal and feed media have interrelated impacts on process outcomes (a “pairing effect”). They did a DOE enabled by Design-Expert® software for fed-batch cell culture process optimization. BioProcess International, March 2012 (fed-batch_cell_culture_process_opt.pdf, 1.80 MB)
  
  
• Using DOE with Tolerance Intervals to Verify Specifications
  Statistical methods are becoming increasingly vital for pharmaceutical manufacturers. Design of experiments (DOE) is a primary tool for determining the relationship between the factors that have an effect on a process and the response of that process. (using_DOE_with_tolerance_intervals.pdf—458 KB)
  
  
• Sensory and Chemical Characteristics of Worts Fermented by Leuconostoc citreum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Consumer Acceptability with Added Flavorings
  This study was conducted to examine the chemical and sensory characteristics of fermented worts and consumer acceptability according to added flavorings. May 2009 (characteristics_of_fermented_worts.pdf, 2.24 MB)
  
  
• Design-Expert Diagnostics Saves Experiment (and Post-Grad Student)
  Design-Expert's features for checking design properties including diagnostics helped a student achieve a valid analysis. (diagnostics_by_Paul_Mullenix.pdf, 69 KB)
  
  
• Two-step optimization for product design takes manufacturing variability into account
  The TRW team used a combination of DOE (response surface methodology — RSM) and Monte Carlo analysis to optimize a braking system where one of the objectives was to quickly generate pressure when demanded by the vehicle stability control system. Desktop Engineering, July 2011 (TRW_Automotive.pdf—original manuscript, 448 KB)
  
  
• Software for Fine-Tuning Flotation Cells
  FLSmidth recently installed two turnkey SuperCell flotation machines—the world's largest flotation cells—at Rio Tinto's Kennecott Utah Copper concentrator near Salt Lake City, Utah. They used DOE to substantially reduce the amount of testing and fine-tuning required after installation. E&MJ Engineering & Mining Journal, April 2011 (FLSM.pdf—original manuscript, 164 KB)
  
  
• Innovative Solutions for Efficient Lamps: Mixture Optimization Using a DOE Approach
  DOE was used to determine the optimum setting conditions for three components—leading to a high Hg Yield at a lower temperature.
  
  
• Use of the Design of Experiments to Develop a Scalable Route to a Key Chirally Pure Arylpiperazine
  In this presentation design of experiments (DOE) was applied to a chemical process. DOE together with computer modeling lead to a better understanding of the process and the defining of new conditions.
  
  
• Design of Experiments Helps Optimize Injection Molding of Conductive Compounds
  When performing experiments on surface conductivity, a material supplier used DOE software to get answers quicker and more efficiently. Injection Molding/Plastics Today, March 2011 (RTP.pdf—original manuscript, 273 KB)
  
  
• What to look for in Statistical Software for the Pharmaceutical Industry
  This article discusses what to look for in DOE software in the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing (Pharma QbD), January 2011 (pharmaceutical_manufacturing.pdf—original manuscript, 240KB)
  
  
• Using Design of Experiments to Optimize Chiral Separation
  Chiral separation yield was dramatically improved by using Response Surface Methods (RSM). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing (Pharma QbD), October 2010, (wyeth.pdf—original manuscript, 227KB)
  
  
• Design of Experiments Reduces Time to Market
  The Dresser Waukesha development team adopted the design of experiments (DOE) approach to increase the accuracy of performance estimates and reduce the number of required tests. Power, June 2010, (dresser_waukesha.pdf—original manuscript, 158KB)
  
  
• Practical Considerations for DoE Implementation in Quality By Design
  This article takes a look at the different things that should be considered when implementing DOE in Quality By Design. BioProcess International, June 2010
  
  
• Design-Expert Software Enables Z Corp Printer Design
  Design of experiments (DOE) solution from Stat-Ease helps Z Corporation develop its unique 3D color printers. Desktop Engineering, March 2010, Product Design & Development, March 2010 (z-corp.pdf—Original manuscript, 1.54MB)
  
  
• Optimization of a Research Diet for the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, using Mixture Model Methodology
  Two five-week growth trials were conducted using mixture methodology to optimize a reference diet for Pacific white shrimp using krill meal, menhaden fishmeal, squid meal, and soy protein isolate (SPI). Aquaculture, January 2010
  
  
• Hypersonic Laminar-Turbulent Transition Experiment Design: From wind tunnel model definition to MDOE Approach
  Design of Experiments was used to study the laminar-turbulence transition phenomenon in a Hypersonic regime on a 3-deg half-angle sphere-cone model.
  
  
• The Application of Statistical Design of Experiments for Mathematical Modeling of a Bacterial Cell Culture Process
  DOE was used to determine the statistically significant factors affecting the growth of an E. coli cell line in shaker flasks. Presented at the NCSU Bioprocessing and Process Development Symposium, September 2009
  
  
• A Formula for Flavor
  Rich Products used DOE to develop an all-natural bread dough that would met the same quality and taste standards as their popular conventional bread doughs. Food Quality magazine, June/July 2009, (richproducts.pdf—Original manuscript, 44KB)
  
  
• DOE It Yourself
  Fun science projects* compiled by Mark J. Anderson, Principal, Stat-Ease, Inc. (doe-self.pdf—Original manuscript, 264KB)
  
  
• DOE for Process Cheese
  Using design of experiments, Land O'Lakes researchers set out to improve a new deli process cheese formulation, without impacting its other attributes. Food Product Design, June 2009, (processcheese.pdf -- Original manuscript, 186KB)
  
  
• Optimal Blending via Statistical Design of Experiments (DOE) Tailored to Formulation
  A statistically‐based design of experiments (DOE) approach developed specifically for mixtures was used to formulate a blend of rayon fibers that produced maximal tampon absorbency. (optimal_rayon_blend.pdf--Original manuscript, 246KB)
  
  
• Build a More Effective Tablet Press Process
  Schiff Nutrition used DOE to solve an intermittent problem with a multimineral tablet sticking inside the dies of a high-speed rotary tablet press. Pharmaceutical Formulation & Quality magazine, February/March 2009, Also published in Healthcare Packaging, July 2010, (schiff_nutrition.pdf--Original manuscript, 95KB)
  
  
• Case Study: R&D Test Method Expedites Speed to Market
  Alberto-Culver recently developed a new line of scrubs using design of experiments (DOE) that far exceeds the performance of what they thought was possible. GCI Global Cosmetic Industry Magazine Web Exclusive, February 2009. To see the complete paper, click on the original manuscript link. (alberto_culver.pdf--Original manuscript, 155KB)
  
  
• Streamwise Porosity Distribution Optimization for Minimizing Wall Interference in a Transonic Wind Tunnel
  Modern Design of Experiments (MDOE) was used to reduce wall interference on wind tunnel measurements, increasing the quality of both the raw data and corrected coefficients. 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including The New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, January 5-8, 2009, Orlando, FL
  
  
• Correcting Low First-Pass Yield
  The Williamette Valley Co. (WVCO) increased manufacturing yield by designing an experiment to simultaneously measure the impact of key factors on critical responses. Quality Magazine Web Exclusive, December 30, 2008, (WVCO.pdf--Original manuscript, 48KB)
  
  Also published as "CASE STUDY: Improving Yield" in Adhesives and Sealants magazine, August 1, 2011. Click here to see the article.
  
  
• Design of Experiments Helps Optimize Cell Culture Bioproduction System
  To handle numerous variables Invitrogen Corporation utilized design of experiments (DOE) methods to reveal a complicated array of multi-factor interactions involved in bioprocess development. BioProcess International Vol. 7, Supplement 7: pp 24-27, October 2009 (sign in required to view). (invitrogen.pdf--Original manuscript, 473 KB)
  
  
• Design of Experiments Demonstrates Robustness of Biopharmaceutical Process
  Diasorin recently used DOE to evaluate the robustness of its process for manufacturing an alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) assay. (diasorin.pdf--Original manuscript, 35KB)
  
  
• Design of Experiments Helps Improve the Robustness of Off-Highway Vehicle Coating
  An agricultural equipment manufacturer asked Henkel to help optimize a tough coating application using DOE. SAE Off-Highway Engineering, July 2009 (log in required to view). (henkel_off-highway.pdf--Original manuscript, 215KB)
  
  
• Lean Six Meets Foil Stamping
  This article describes how a six sigma team cut setup time 40% and printing costs 5% at a Taylor Corporation unit using DOE and 33 Kluge presses. Graphic Arts Online, October 2008
  
  
• Design of Experiments Reduces Rubber Scrap by 90%
  A custom rubber molder used DOE to uncover a combination of material selection and manufacturing protocol that created unacceptable results.  Armed with this process knowledge, they achieved a breakthrough quality improvements. Rubber & Plastics News, September 2008 (Log In required to view.) (robinson_rubber.pdf--Original manuscript, 195KB)
  
  A different version of this article was published by Rubber World, November 2008. (Must purchase to view.)
  
  
• Optimizing Design of Experiments for Fluid Bed Coating
  Upsher-Smith Laboratories used Design of Experiments to optimize a fluid bed coating process that was producing inconsistent results. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Magazine, September 2008. (upsher-smith_pharm_opt.pdf--Original manuscript, 289 KB)
  
  This article was also published in PharmaQbD E-News, March 2010 and Laboratory Focus magazine/BioscienceWorld online, May 2010.
  
  
• DOE Eliminates Defects
  A major Tier 1 automotive supplier wanted to improve the already high level of quality in their manufacturing process welding nuts to a metal seat frame. They contacted Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU) and requested a design of experiments (DOE) study to determine root causes of torque failures and areas of improvement. Published as a web exclusive for Quality Magazine, August 2008 (MTSU.pdf--Original manuscript, 99 KB)
  
  Making Automotive Seat Frames with Reduced Welding Defects
  Also appeared in the Welding Journal, October 2008 (Membership required to log in and view the article.)
  
  
• Response Surface Methods (RSM) Achieve Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) Goals for Medical Device Manufacturing
  Engineers at a major medical device manufacturer used RSM to successfully model a key process for their flagship product. The RSM model then became the foundation for development of robust specifications to ensure quality at six sigma levels. (rsm_for_med_devices.pdf--Original manuscript, 127 KB)
  
  
• Design of Experiments Helps Reduce Time to Remove Aerospace Coatings (See page 21)
  Aerochem Inc. used DOE to develop a chemical paint remover that would remove the coating in less than 2 hours. Aerospace Engineering & Manufacturing, June 2008 (aerochem.pdf--Original manuscript, 154 KB)
  
  
• Army Case Study: Benet Uses DOE to Reduce Time Required to Optimize Complex Design
  Design of experiments was used for a series of computer simulations to design a new generation of muzzle brakes. DOE saves time by reducing the amount of simulations required and makes it possible to optimize. Military Embedded Systems, June 2008 (benetlabs.pdf--Original manuscript, 248 KB)
  
  
• Mixture DOE for Optimal Plasma Etch
  This article demonstrates how to uncover "sweet spots" where multiple fab-process specifications can be met in a most desirable way. Fab Engineering & Operations (FEO), August 2008 (mixture_for_optimal_plasma_etch.pdf--Original manuscript, 301 KB)
  
  
• Tabletop Hockey Meets Goals for Teaching Experimental Design
  In this mini-paper, Mark Anderson details an in-class experiment illustrating the power of two-level factorial design. Also learn how to shoot a wicked slap shot!" Statistics Division Newsletter, (Volume 26, No. 3, Spring 2008) (hockey.pdf--Original manuscript, 365KB)
  
  
• Statistical Design of Experiments on Fabrication of Starch Nanoparticles—A Case Study for Application of Response Surface Methods
  This paper use the fabrication of nanoparticles as an example for showing a statistically-rigorous approach to design and analysis of pharmaceutical experiments. April 2008 (doe_for_starch_milling.pdf--Original manuscript, 705 KB)
  
  
• Pharmaceutical Manufacturer Increases Yield with Response Surface Methods
  MannKind Corporation used designed experiments to identify and optimize critical process variables involved in producing a small molecule substrate for use in pulmonary drug delivery. Pharmaceutical Processing, April/May 2008
  
  
• Designed Experiment Optimizes Method for Removing Endocrine Disrupters
  Researchers successfully used DOE to evaluate potential methods for removing three common endocrine disrupters. Environmental Science & Engineering, March 2008 (univ_of_sherbrooke.pdf--Original manuscript, 93 KB)
  
  Also published in Water & Wastes Digest, September 2008.
  
  
• Response Surface Methods (RSM) for Peak Process Performance at the Most Robust Operating Conditions
  This article starts with the basics on RSM before introducing two enhancements that focus on robust operating conditions: Modeling the process variance as a function of the input factors and Propagation of error(POE) transmitted from input factor variation. It discusses how to find the find the flats—high plateaus for maximum yield and broad valleys that minimize defects. Proceeding from International SEMATECH Manufacturing Initiative (ISMI) Symposium on Manufacturing Effectiveness. October 2007 (RSM_for_peak_performance.pdf--Original manuscript, 355 KB)
  
  Another version of this article, "Response Surface Methods for Peak Process Performance" was published in Solid State Technology magazine, November 2008.
  
  
• Design-Expert® 7.1 software review
  Felix Grant of Scientific Computing World finds that Design Expert 7.1.3 builds on the many improvements from earlier upgrades. Scientific-Computing.com, November 2007
  
  
• Applicazione di specifiche tecniche DoE per la progettazione di una macchina per il confezionamento di filtri per sigarette
  This presentation in Italian details a DOE case study on a filter cigarette packaging machine design using Design-Expert software. October 2007
  
  
• Design Challenge
  This case study details how the Intertape Polymer Group (IPG) used Design of Experiments (DOE) is used to solve an adhesive tape production problem. Adhesives & Sealants Industry, September 2007
  
  
• Response Surface Methods for Peak Performance
  This is the third article of a series on design of experiments (DOE). The first publication provided tools for process breakthroughs via two-level factorial designs. The second article illustrated how to re-formulate rubbers or plastics using powerful statistical methods for mixture design and analysis. The author now brings the focus back to process improvement and shows how to hit the sweet spot of high yield at lowest possible cost. Rubber and Plastics News, Technical Notebook, August 20, 2007 (rubplast3_rsm.pdf--Original manuscript, 239 KB)
  
  
• The 10 Most Common Designed Experiment Errors
  This article offers 10 tips for avoiding the most common designed experiment mistakes. It is derived from Jeff Hybarger's article in the December 2006 Stat-Teaser newsletter. Design Product News, June 2007.
  
  
• Space Shuttle Debris Impact Tool Assessment Using the Modern Design of Experiments
  This article describes a methodological study focused on evaluating the application of MDOE to future operational codes in a rapid and low-cost way to assess the effects of cavity geometry uncertainty. DeLoach, R., Rayos, E. M., Campbell, C. H., Rickman, S. L.; and Larsen, C. E.: "Space Shuttle Debris Impact Tool Assessment Using the Modern Design of Experiments". 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV Jan 8-11, 2007. (spaceshuttledebris.pdf--Original manuscript, 903 KB)
  
  
• Rethink Experiment Design
  This article details the advantages of design of experiments (DOE) over the OFAT (changing only one factor at a time) approach to experimentation. By varying factors at two levels each, but simultaneously rather than one at a time, experimenters can uncover important interactions. Chemicalprocessing.com. November 2006.
  
  
• Interpreting Power in Mixture DOE—Simplified
  This mini-paper by Pat Whitcomb answers the question, "I evaluated my planned mixture experiment and found that it had very low power. Could you tell me what is wrong with the design?" ASQ Statistics Division Newsletter, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 5-8. Fall 2006.
  
  
• Optimisation of EDM Fast Hole Drilling through an Evaluation of Electrode Geometry
  In the application of EDM fast hole drilling, response surface design was used to optimize both drilling and electrode wear.
  
  
• Automated Enzyme Assay Design and Optimization
  This poster presents the use of design of experiments (DOE) and Design-Expert® software to optimize enzymatic assays. Presented at the SBS Conference. September 2006. (enzyme_assay_design.pdf--Original manuscript, 1.71MB)
  

• Application of Design of Experiment (DOE) Techniques to Process Validation in Medical Device Manufacture
  This paper provides an overview of the application of DOE techniques during key aspects of process validation and discusses two practical examples from medical device manufacturing. The attendant benefits of this type of procedural approach to the medical device sector are considered. From the results obtained, it is clear that meeting process validation requirements can be taken as an opportunity to better understand and improve manufacturing processes. As such, DOE techniques are pivotal in effectively achieving these aims in a manner that provides for regulatory compliance. Journal of Validation Technology. February 2006 Volume. 12, Number 2

• University & Industry Collaboration to Solve Welding Quality Problem Using Design of Experiments (DOE)
  A local automotive seat supplier experienced a major quality problem in the fabrication of the metal seat frame used for the front bucket seats of automobiles. DOE was used to help solve the quality problem. 2006 CIEC Conference, January–February 2006
  Click here to see the corresponding poster presentation.
  
  
• DOE for Coatings
  This article is a basic introduction to design of experiments (DOE) for coatings formulations and processes. A slightly different version was published in the Coatings Technology Handbook, 3rd Edition by CRC Press in 2005.
  
  
• Sticky Optimization
  This paper demonstrates a statistical methodology that builds on subject-matter knowledge to objectively fine-tune both processes and product formulations. The concept is illustrated with an adhesives case study. (stickyoptimization.pdf--Original manuscript, 97KB)
  
  
• Using Design of Experiments to Assess Escherichia Coli Fermentation Robustness
  A statistical study was conducted to assess fermentation process robustness in the manufacture of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. DOE was used to establish critical parameters and their acceptable ranges. BioProcess International. October 2005 (fermentationrobustness.pdf--Original manuscript, 297KB)
  
  
• Trimming the FAT: Part II
  The first article, "Trimming the FAT out of Experimental Methods," presented arguments against OFAT techniques in favor of multifactor DOE. This follow-up article offers a case study that illustrates how a two-level factorial DOE can reveal a breakthrough interaction. A similar article appeared in OE (Optical Engineering) magazine. September 2005. (doeprimer2.pdf--Original manuscript, 27KB)
  
  
• Trimming the FAT out of Experimental Methods
  A primer on DOE versus the traditional OFAT method of experimentation. A slightly different version of this article was run in OE (Optical Engineering) magazine. June/July 2005. (doeprimer.pdf--Original manuscript, 79KB)
  
  
• PCR Process Optimized via Split-Plot DOE
  This paper illustrates the use of design of experiments (DOE) and split-plot design to quickly and effectively determine the factor settings that maximize amplification in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiment. As presented at the 2005 ASQ World Congress. May 2005. (pcr_via_split-plot.pdf--Original manuscript, 136KB)
  
  
• Reducing 300mm Wafer Coating Defects without Compromising Uniformity
  Recently, using DOE techniques, applications engineers in Rolla, Missouri were able to reduce bottom anti-reflective coating (BARC) defects on 300mm wafers and implement a new process. An edited version of this article was run in Semiconductor Manufacturing Magazine. May 2005. (washburndoe.pdf--Original manuscript, 86KB)
  
  
• How Experimental Design Optimizes Assay Automation
  An innovative blend of hardware, software and the right training in statistical know-how supercharges research automation. This article was published online by Quality Digest. April 2005.
  
  This article was originally published in ADVANCE for Medical Laboratory Professionals. June 28, 2004 (optimizeassays.pdf--Original manuscript, 375KB)
  
  
• “Design of Experiments” Training Banishes Purple-Paper Blues
  A paper mill uses DOE to pre-define the appearance and shade of paper before full production. Published in Solutions!, Online Exclusives, Vol. 88(4), April 2005. . (stora_enso.pdf--Original manuscript, 141KB)
  
  
• See a new Italian article on mixture design featuring Design-Expert® software. PROGETTAZIONE DI MISCELE PER LA PRODUZIONE DI VERNICI ALL’ACQUA--D.Foletto, S.Povolo, SAMIA s.a.s., February 2005
  
  
• Creating Superior Electroluminescent Backlighting with Mixture Design
  Engineers use mixture design to create thinner, whiter keypad backlighting. A slightly different version was published in Product Design & Development. February 2005 (backlightingmixdesign.pdf--Original manuscript, 138KB)
  
  
• Low-Viscosity Phthalates for Flexible Packaging Polyurethane Adhesives
  DOE is used in this study demonstrating the versatile compatibility of a unique polyester polyol, PD-90 LV, with both polyester and polyether polyols. Adhesives & Sealants Industry. February 2005. Requires Login to view.
  
  
• Combining Computer-Aided Statistical Design of Experiments with Traditional Design of Experiments to Meet EC2000 Criteria.
  New ABET criteria require that chemical engineering students be able to “design and conduct experiments.” Experimental design may be interpreted as either developing methods and procedures to achieve experimental goals, or as statistical “Design of Experiments” (DOE). Auburn University's Dept. of Chemical Engineering incorporates both approaches in their unit operations lab course to satisfy EC2000 criteria and achieve beneficial learning outcomes. ASEE Southeast Section Conference 2004 (doe_to_meet_EC2000 Criteria.pdf--Original manuscript, 419 KB)
  
  
• Designing Glaze Colours
  Mixture design is used to develop a predictive model for estimating an entire range of glaze colours with far fewer test tiles than are normally required. Ceramics Technical. Issue 21, Pages 30-37, 2004
  
  
• Improving Solder-Paste Processes Through Experimentation
  Proper application of solder paste onto a PCb is essential in surface mount assemblies. In this case study DOE was used to understand this process, and ultimately to improve electrical yields. Surface Mount Technology (SMT). December 2004
  
  
• Response Surface Methods for Process Optimization
  This article explores how optimal experimental design can map performance in the presence of multifactor linear constraints.  Desktop Engineering. November 2004
  
  
• Solving Process Issues at an ASIC Fab using Design of Experiments
  Engineers solved two perplexing wafer production mysteries using design of experiments (DOE), saving the company $180,000 a year. MICRO Magazine. July 2004
  
  
• Interpreting Power in Mixture DOE—Simplified
  Adapted by Mark Anderson from a detailed manuscript by Pat Whitcomb. July 2004 (powerinmixsimp.pdf--Original manuscript, 100KB)
  
  
• Automated Optimization of a Multiplex PCR* Using SAGIAN™ AAO Software for the Biomek® FX Liquid Handling System
  Beckman Coulter, Inc. developed Automated Assay Optimization (AAO) FX software for its Biomek FX liquid handling system. In this application study they demonstrate how to use it together with Design-Expert® software from Stat-Ease, Inc. to optimize biological assay conditions. June 2004 (*Note: Original article was taken down--see Automated Optimization of Murine Embryonic
  Stem Cell Differentiation into Cardiomyocytes for more information on this subject.)
  
  
• Screening Process Factors In The Presence of Interactions
  This article introduces a new, more efficient type of fractional two-level factorial design of experiments (DOE) tailored for the screening of process factors. These designs are referred to as “Min Res IV.” Presented at AQC 2004 Toronto. May 2004 (aqc2004.pdf--Original manuscript, 134KB)
  (Click here for an Italian translation—222KB.)  
  
  
• Taber Test or Oscillating Sand? DOE Improves Polycarbonate Plasma Coating Process
  Researchers at Exatec, LLC, determined that the oscillating sand test reveals better wear assessment information for polycarbonates. This finding has allowed the company to optimize coating processes. Paint & Coatings Industry (PCI). March 2004. Requires Login to view.
  
  
• Formulating by Design
  To simplify formulation tasks when searching for hot-melt solutions, Stepan Co. developed a design of experiments (DOE) ‘mapping' approach to their new ortho-phlathic-based polyol products. They wanted to discover how the products work within their specific applications. Adhesives & Sealants Industry (ASI). March 2004. Requires Login to view.
  
  
• That Voodoo We Do—Marketers Are Embracing Statistical Design of Experiments
  When properly applied to marketing, Design of Experiments (DOE) is a marketer's silver bullet. (This article was published in DMA--The Direct Marketing Association in March 2004 under the same name.)
  
  
• Optimizing Formulas by Experimental Design
  Changing and then re-testing just one parameter at a time still seems to be the norm for the formulation chemist, but it is not the most productive approach. In fact, this “shotgun” approach increases the probability of missing the best possible finished product. A more reliable and expedient method of optimizing a formulation is by design of experiments (DOE). The NY Chapter Society of Cosmetic Chemists' newsletter "Cosmetiscope". March 2004
  
  
• Unearthing Optimum Soil Treatments (Original article is no longer available on web site. A slightly different version is available here.)
  Weak subgrade soils are often chemically treated, or modified, to add strength and stability to support the heavy construction vehicles required for building highways. DOE was used to develop a treatment that enabled contractors to quickly establish stable subgrades. Hard Hat News. January 2004
  
  
• An Efficient Approach to Cell Culture Medium Optimization—A Statistical Method to Medium Mixing
  Sigma-Aldrich Biotechnology used DOE to increase cell growth and productivity for a particular recombinant CHO clone. (cellculture.pdf—Original manuscript, 118KB) Reprinted with the permission of Sigma-Aldrich Corporation. January 2004
  
  
• Company Seeks New Customers: Engineers as Credible Marketers
  Trade publication articles written by engineers are a great marketing tool, but engineers are often not polished writers. The solution—work with specialty writers. The Business to Business Marketer. (eng-marketers.pdf—Original manuscript, 232KB) January 2004.
  
  
• How to Use Graphs to Diagnose and Deal with Bad Experimental Data
  This article deals with thorny issues that confront every experimenter—how to handle individual results that do not appear to fit with the rest of the data. (baddata.pdf—70KB) November 2003 (A somewhat modified version of this article was published in Quality Engineering. April 2007.)
  (Click here for an Italian translation—156KB.)
  
  
• Augmented Ruggedness Testing to Prevent Failures (exclusive content)
  Failures in the processing and use of products can often be prevented by applying a form of DOE called ruggedness testing. Check out this article to see how it's done for machine-made bread. Quality Progress (ruggednesstest.pdf—Original manuscript, 116KB) May 2003
  
  Knead for Speed (excerpt of below article on machine-made bread)
  Case study from Today's Chemist at Work magazine. February 2002
  
  Screening Ingredients Most Efficiently with Two-Level Design of Experiments (DOE) (original manuscript)
  A DOE on machine-made bread shows how clever application of statistical methods quickly screens alternative ingredients to see which, if any, impair the desired reaction. (breaddoe.pdf—Original manuscript, 513KB)
  
  
• DOE Software Paints Picture of Powder Coating Defects
  How do you react when a defect arises within one of your top powder coating products that defies conventional problem-solving techniques? You look for answers with DOE. Published in Powder Coating. (morton.pdf—Original manuscript, 59KB) April 2003
  
  
• The Influence of Physico-Chemical and Process Conditions on the Physical Stability of Plasmid DNA Complexes using Response Surface Methodology (This link requires a subscription or payment to view--http://www.babonline.org/bab/037/0225/bab0370225.htm.)
  This paper introduces a new method of assessing the engineering effects of process and material factors on the colloidal properties of plasmid-DNA delivery systems based on response surface methodology (RSM) and experimental techniques. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. (2003) 37, (225–234) April 2003
  
  
• Using Design of Experiments to Make Processes More Robust to Environmental and Input Variations
  This article explains why standard factorial designs (one array) offer a cost-effective alternative to parameter designs (two array) made popular by Taguchi. It then discusses advanced tools for robust design that involve application of response surface methods (RSM) and measurement of propagation of error (POE). Paint and Coatings Industry (PCI) February 2003. Requires Login to view.
  
  
• The Six Sigma Method and Design of Experiments
  This article by Peter Peterka (www.6sigma.us) explains what Six Sigma is and DOE's role in it. The DOE FAQ Alert. (sixsigma&DOE.pdf—Original manuscript, 72KB) December 2002
  
  
• Mixture DOE Uncovers Formulations Quicker
  This article offers a simple case study that illustrates how to put rubber or plastics formulations to the test by using powerful statistical methods for mixture design and analysis. Rubber & Plastics News. (mixdoe.pdf—Original manuscript, 1013KB) October 2002
  
  
• Small, Efficient, Equireplicated Resolution V Fractions of 2^k designs and their Application to Central Composite Designs
  Gary W. Oehlert & Pat Whitcomb present a class of equireplicated, irregular fractions of two-series designs constructed algorithmically using the D-optimality criterion. Presented at the Fall Technical Conference 2002. (small5.pdf—Original manuscript, 93KB) October 2002
  
  
• Technology Flexes its Muscles
  Design of experiments (DOE) was used to examine the effects of adhesive components in electron beam (EB) curable laminating adhesives for flexible packaging. Adhesives Age. (aa.pdf—Original manuscript, 1.22MB) March 2002
  
  
• Cost- Effective and Information-Efficient Robust Design for Optimizing Processes and Accomplishing Six Sigma Objectives
  Standard factorial designs (one array) offer a cost-effective and information-efficient robust design alternative to parameter designs (two -array) made popular by Taguchi. This paper compares these two methods (one-array versus two-array) in depth via an industrial case study. It then discusses advanced tools for robust design that involve application of response surface methods (RSM) and measurement of propagation of error (POE). (anderson-kraber.pdf—Original manuscript, 85KB)
  
  Also see this postscript to the article. (ps_re_Taguchi.pdf—120KB)
  
  
• Achieving Six Sigma Objectives for Variability Reduction in Coating Formulation and Processing
  Cover story from Paint & Coatings Industry. November 2001. Requires Login to view.
  (doe_for_six_sigma_rev.pdf—Manuscript with a bit more math that originally was posted by iSixSigma, 333 KB)
  
  
• Enhancing Solid-Phase Disk Extraction Performance with Design of Experiments
  Case study on 3M Empore extraction disks. Published in American Laboratory. (3M_Empore.pdf—Original manuscript, 71KB) November 2001
  
  
• Sizing Fixed Effects for Computing Power in Experimental Designs
  Power tells us the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis for an effect of a given size and helps us select an appropriate design prior to running the experiment. This paper describes a general approach for sizing effects that covers a wide variety of designs. Quality and Reliability Engineering International. (power.pdf—Original manuscript, 341KB) July 27, 2001
  
  
• The Next Generation in Weatherable Hardcoats for Polycarbonate
  This paper received the Best Paper Award at the International Coatings for Plastics Symposium, June 4–6, 2001, in Troy, MI. Paint & Coatings Industry. June 2001. Requires Login to view.
  
  
• Engineering Software Quickens Product Launch
  Mary Kay case study from Packaging World magazine. January 2001
  
  
• Eliminate Nuisance Variability with a Latin Square Design
  Case study from Douglas Montgomery's, "Design & Analysis of Experiments", 5th Edition
  
  
• Designing Experiments that Combine Mixture Components with Process Factors 
  A version of this article appeared in PCI Magazine. (chem-3.pdf—Original manuscript, 200KB) November 2000
  (Click here for an Italian translation—150KB.) 
  
  
• Design of Experiments Arms Telemarketers with Profitable Questions
  In this case study a major telecommunications company uses DOE to improve the sales effectiveness of incoming and outcoming customer calls. June 2000
  
  
• Pilot-to-Production Requires Design of Experiments to Unclog Herbicide
  Case study on how Aventis CropScience used DOE for Herbicide development. (herbicide.pdf—Original manuscript, 193KB)
  
  
• Using Simulation Software for Design of Experiment Training
  This article shows how Hot Rod Burnout—Championship Drag Racing® simulation software is used to make learning DOE fun. (dragracing.pdf—Original manuscript, 303KB)
  
  
• Energy Project Relies on DOE
  Article originally in Quality magazine. A slightly different version appears here. (NREL.pdf—Original manuscript, 51KB) October 2000
  
  
• Design of Experiments Software Helps Clear Wafer Transport Traffic Jams
  Article in Micro magazine. July/August 2000
  
  
• Design of Experiments Increase Hot-Ink Roller Impressions (and Perceptions)
  by Jennifer Borkovich. Published in the May 2000 issue of American Ink Maker and in a web exclusive for PCI Magazine. April 2000. Requires Login to view.
  
  
• Success with DOE (Order Reprint #50)
  Article in Quality magazine. April 2000
  
  
• Save Runs, Yet Reveal Breakthrough Interactions by Doing Only a Semifoldover on Medium-Resolution Screening Designs 
  Via case studies, this paper reviews the strategy of foldover on low-resolution (III) two-level fractional factorials and demonstrates how to reduce experimental runs by making use of semifoldover methods to augment medium-resolution (IV) designs. (semifold.pdf—Original manuscript, 376KB)
  
  
• Statistical Technique Saves Big in Building Medical Cooler (Order Reprint #51)
  Article in Air Conditioning/Heating/Refrigeration News magazine. April 10, 2000
  
  
• Designing Better Experiments
  This article explains what DOE is and the benefits of having DOE software. MnTAP Source. Winter 1999, Volume 14, Number 1
  
  
• Computer-Aided Tools for Optimal Mixture Design
  Article in Paint and Coatings Industry. November 1999. This PCI link requires Login to view.
  
  
• Computer-Aided Tools for Optimal Mixture Design 
  A somewhat different version of the article above. (coatcat.pdf—52KB)
  
  
• Solving Core Shear with Design of Experiments
  Article originally in Job Shop Technology. A slightly different version appears here. (coreshear.pdf—162KB) March 1999
  
  
• Eight Keys to Successful DOE (Order Reprint #37)
  Quality managers who understand how to apply statistical tools for design of experiments (DOE) are better able to support use of DOE in their organizations. Ultimately, this can lead to breakthrough improvements in product quality and process efficiency. Quality Digest. July 1999
  
  
• Keys to Successful Designed Experiments 
  This article was presented at the Quality Management Division of American Society for Quality conference. (doe-keys.pdf—Original manuscript, 35KB) January 20, 1999
  (Click here for an Italian translation—295KB. (ASsixsigma.pdf—583KB) June 2004
  
  
• Design of Experiments for Ruggedness Testing: Case Study on Paraffin Therapy Bath
  A version of this article appeared in Medical Device & Diagnostic Industry. (med-device.pdf—Original manuscript, 35KB) January 1999
  
  
• Nonexperimenter Tries Design-of-Experiments Software
  Article in Paint & Coatings Industry. November 1998
  
  
• Improve PCB Gold-Plating Yields Using DOE (Order Reprint #27)
  Case study in Asian Sources Electronics Engineer. November 1998
  
  
• How to Select Design of Experiments Software (Order Reprint #38 )
  Case study in Quality Digest. November 1998
  
  
• Experiments Uncover Source of Valve Failures (Order Reprint #42)
  Case study from Quality magazine. June 1998
  
  
• Find the Optimal Formulation with Mixtures
  A version of this article appeared in Chemical Engineering Progress. (chem-2.pdf—Original manuscript, 56KB) April 1998
  (Click here for an Italian translation—435KB. (sixsigma.pdf—129KB) June 2004.)
  
  
• Achieving Breakthroughs in Non-Manufacturing Processes via Design of Experiments (DOE)
  Inspirational examples* compiled by Mark J. Anderson, Principal, Stat-Ease, Inc. (doe-non-mfg.pdf—289KB) 1998 (revised 2012)
  (Click here for an older Italian translation—70KB.)
  
  
• Use of Replication in Almost Unreplicated Factorials
  This paper discusses supplementing Lenth's method by combining his estimate of error variance from small factorial effects with the pure error variance from replicate observations or (possibly) other estimates of error variance. Presented at the Fall Technical Conference. (use-of-rep.pdf—Original manuscript, 455KB) 1998 (This is an updated version of the 1992, "The Role of Pure Error on Normal Probability Plots" article below.)
  
  
• Mixing it up with Computer-Aided Design (Order Reprint #13)
  
  See how statistical tools for mixture design helped a kitchen chemist reformulate pound cake to hit the sweet spot of household tasters. A somewhat different version of this article appeared in Today's Chemist at Work. (cake.pdf—Original manuscript, 41KB) November 1997
  
  
• Design of Experiments (Order Reprint #15)
  Corporations across the nation are adopting DOE as a cost-effective way to solve serious problems afflicting their operations. The Industrial Physicist. September 1997
  
  
• Computer-Aided Design of Experiments for Formulations
  A somewhat different version of this article appeared in Modern Paint and Coatings. (paint.pdf—Original manuscript, 57KB) June 1997
  
  
• Make Breakthrough Improvements with Experiment Design
  A somewhat different version of this article appeared in Rubber & Plastics News. This article has been slightly modified to make it more current. (plastics.pdf—Original manuscript, 91KB) June 1997
  
  
• Software Sleuth Solves Engineering Problems
  This article appeared in Machine Design. (machine.pdf—Original manuscript, 238KB) June 5, 1997
  
  
• Optimize Your Process—Optimization Efforts (Order Reprint #5)
  A somewhat different version of this article appeared in Chemical Engineering Progress. (chem-1.pdf—Original manuscript, 46KB) December 1996
  
  
• Robust Design—Reducing Transmitted Variation
  Talk by Pat Whitcomb and Mark Anderson that was presented at the 50th Annual Quality Congress.
  (robust5.pdf—Original manuscript, 132KB) May 1996
  
  
• A Balancing Act: Optimizing a Product's Properties
  Quality Progress. ©2002 American Society for Quality. Reprinted with permission. (derringer.pdf—Original manuscript, 139KB) June 1994
  
  
• Applying DOE to Microwave Popcorn
  Process Industries (PI) Quality. (popcorn.pdf—Original manuscript, 26KB) July/August 1993 (revised 2/98)
  
  
• The Role of Pure Error on Normal Probability Plots
  A look at augmenting the usual probability plot effects with points representing pure error. ASQC Quality Congress Transactions--Nashville, pp.1223-1229. (role-of-pure-error.pdf—Original manuscript, 344KB) 1992 (An update of this article was published in 1998. See "Use of Replication in Almost Unreplicated Factorials" article above.)